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Conventional computing architectures have no known efficient algorithms for combinatorial optimization tasks such as the Ising problem, which requires finding the ground state spin configuration of an arbitrary Ising graph. Physical Ising machines have recently been developed as an alternative to conventional exact and heuristic solvers; however, these machines typically suffer from decreased ground state convergence probability or universality for high edge-density graphs or arbitrary graph weights, respectively. We experimentally demonstrate a proof-of-principle integrated nanophotonic recurrent Ising sampler (INPRIS), using a hybrid scheme combining electronics and silicon-on-insulator photonics, that is capable of converging to the ground state of various four-spin graphs with high probability. The INPRIS results indicate that noise may be used as a resource to speed up the ground state search and to explore larger regions of the phase space, thus allowing one to probe noise-dependent physical observables. Since the recurrent photonic transformation that our machine imparts is a fixed function of the graph problem and therefore compatible with optoelectronic architectures that support GHz clock rates (such as passive or non-volatile photonic circuits that do not require reprogramming at each iteration), this work suggests the potential for future systems that could achieve orders-of-magnitude speedups in exploring the solution space of combinatorially hard problems.

The genusLiriomyzaMik (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a diverse and globally distributed group of acalyptrate flies. Phylogenetic relationships amongLiriomyzaspecies have remained incompletely investigated and have never been fully addressed using molecular data. Here, we reconstruct the phylogeny of the genusLiriomyzausing various phylogenetic methods (maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, and gene tree coalescence) on target‐capture‐based phylogenomic datasets (nucleotides and amino acids) obtained from anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE). We have recovered tree topologies that are nearly congruent across all data types and methods, and individual clade support is strong across all phylogenetic analyses. Moreover, defined morphological species groups and clades are well‐supported in our best estimates of the molecular phylogeny.Liriomyza violivora(Spencer) is a sister group to all remaining sampledLiriomyzaspecies, and the well‐known polyphagous vegetable pests [L. huidobrensis(Blanchard),L. langeiFrick,L. bryoniae.(Kaltenbach),L. trifolii(Burgess),L. sativaeBlanchard, andL. brassicae(Riley)]. belong to multiple clades that are not particularly closely related on the trees. Often, closely relatedLiriomyzaspecies feed on distantly related host plants. We reject the hypothesis that cophylogenetic processes betweenLiriomyzaspecies and their host plants drive diversification in this genus. Instead,Liriomyzaexhibits a widespread pattern of major host shifts across plant taxa. Our new phylogenetic estimate forLiriomyzaspecies provides considerable new information on the evolution of host‐use patterns in this genus. In addition, it provides a framework for further study of the morphology, ecology, and diversification of these important flies.